sexta-feira, 21 de outubro de 2005

40 anos: Ditadura Militar

Por: Jayro de Sousa Costa


Texto originalmente publicado em 31/03/04, no Especial sobre o Golpe de 64. Para ler o texto no site, clique aqui.


1 de abril de 1964: há quarenta anos, um golpe militar destitui o presidente João Goulart abrindo um tortuoso caminho para a nação brasileira. Quarenta anos se passaram, e o Brasil não tirou a mancha autoritária e excludente que herdou da ditadura, período pelo qual milhares de pessoas foram perseguidas, segregadas, torturadas e assassinadas por ter opinião diferente, ou simplesmente militar em organizações esquerdistas. A luta de classes estava intensa, esquerda e direita travavam uma luta constante para definir qual seria o futuro de nosso país, já que os trabalhadores começavam a adquirir consciência política e tornaram-se protagonistas de sua própria história, desvirtuando-se pouco a pouco do populismo. Era o período muito conturbado, talvez o mais conturbado do século XX os famosos anos 60, onde a juventude e a classe trabalhadora em todo o mundo estava disposta a tomar o poder, e em nosso país não poderia ser diferente, estudantes, operários e camponeses estavam mobilizados para a transformação de nosso país, a transformação que infelizmente não veio.

1964, ano que o presidente João Goulart prometera as famosas reformas de base, que incluíam a reforma agrária, reforma habitacional, reforma educacional e no sistema sanitário, etc. enfim várias reformas que beneficiariam a classe trabalhadora, mas a burguesia agrária e urbana impediu que as reformas se concretizassem, e com o apoio exclusivo de setores das camadas médias e da mídia em geral promoveu um golpe de Estado com o auxílio veemente da forças armadas, que tomaram de assalto o poder para permanecerem durante longos vinte anos. A ditadura militar teve como prioridade manter a estrutura social brasileira, e por isso intensificou ainda mais as desigualdades socioeconômicas que já existiam, porém foi neste período que ficou mais claro o principal objetivo dos governos militares: Fazer o Brasil crescer.

O Brasil, de fato cresceu, especialmente se analisarmos nossa economia, que outrora era 50° do mundo, e que de repente transforma-se em 8° potência mundial, talvez um belo exemplo para nos orgulhar? Não. O crescimento econômico estrondoso que culminou o milagre econômico, onde a economia crescia em média 10,4% ao ano, foi a custa do suor e da dor que a classe trabalhadora enfrentou neste momento, que viu bastante reduzido o seu poder de participação política, e que teve como conseqüência a alienação, a ignorância de sua importância na sociedade, além disso foi obrigado a trabalhar ainda mais para conquistar seu ganha-pão.

A CLASSE TRABALHADORA

Após essa fase, a classe trabalhadora emerge e se torna protagonista, enquanto isso a ditadura já mostrava sinais de esgotamento, visto que neste período a tensão social aumentou principalmente nos centros urbanos, já que foi nesse período em que o êxodo rural foi bastante intenso, e como conseqüência a população urbana ultrapassou a rural. Mesmo assim os conflitos pela posse da terra não terminaram, mas intensificados já que os pequenos e médios agricultores viram-se reduzidos a permanecer em suas terras, onde o governo concedia subsídios aos grandes proprietários, que culminou na expulsão de milhões de trabalhadores do campo que fugiram para a cidade e desta parcela fez crescer o número da classe operária que foi essencial para a queda da ditadura militar.

A classe trabalhadora, neste período protagonizou lutas memoráveis contra o regime militar, vale lembrar das greves protagonizada pelo líder sindical Luís Inácio Lula da Silva no grande ABC, a luta dos canavieiros de Pernambuco e São Paulo, a luta dos bóias-frias, a luta dos seringueiros, dos indígenas, etc. Neste turbilhão de acontecimentos, a igreja católica progressista emerge na teologia da libertação e nas famosas CEBs (Comunidade Eclesial de Base) que deixará descontente a grande burguesia brasileira.


FIM DA DITADURA MILITAR

O fim da ditadura militar ocorreu em 1985, período em que a classe trabalhadora deu um sonoro não as pretensões militares, foi marcada por outro ingrediente indigesto que cresceu já no final dos anos 70: a inflação.

Além disso, a classe trabalhadora experimentava a recessão, o desemprego e a maldita dívida externa que cresceu assustadoramente neste período, juntando com a crise do petróleo originada em 1973 que freou o milagre econômico e a privatização dos serviços públicos como saúde e educação colocou o Brasil num caos social sem precedentes em nossa história, devido a tais circunstâncias fora inevitável a mobilização do povo brasileiro que encurralou o regime militar com as Diretas-já, e embora o povo brasileiro não fosse disponibilizado a votar para presidente, graças a palhaçada do colégio eleitoral, a ditadura felizmente dá o ar de seu trágico adeus.

RETORNO A DEMOCRACIA E NEOLIBERALISMO

O retorno à democracia iniciou com festa, que terminou com a morte do então presidente Tancredo Neves, e lá vem Sarney, representante da oligarquia maranhense e ex-presidente do PDS (Partido de sustentação do regime militar) que assume o seu lugar, e a festa virou sinônimo de “caos social”, o clima tenso na cidade e no campo acrescentado pela violência urbana fez com que os anos 80 tornasse a “década perdida” onde a violência contra a classe operária e camponesa ainda era (e é) presente.

A constituição de 1988 tentou frear o tal “caos social” tanto divulgado pela mídia, de fato foi intensa a luta entre a sociedade civil e os setores dominantes da sociedade nos anos 80, temas como meio ambiente, meios de comunicação de massa, reforma agrária, direito dos trabalhadores foram bastante discutidos, e embora a constituição deixe um pouco a desejar em alguns aspectos foi uma vitória para sociedade brasileira, e que nunca soube ao máximo aproveitá-la.

1989 – Queda do muro de Berlim, crise no bloco soviético, eleições presidenciais no Brasil, consenso de Washington, hegemonia estadunidense, etc. o que realmente significa isso? Nada mais, nada menos que o inicio do neoliberalismo em nosso país, iniciado pelo governo Collor no ano seguinte, e o neoliberalismo desde então torna-se em esfera global, ou seja em todo o canto do planeta, e que dará origem a palavra globalização (que falaremos em outro artigo).

O Brasil se insere na globalização, porém o fantasma do passado lhe acompanha, pois nenhuma reforma social em beneficio a maioria da população foi feita que é mergulhada no autoritarismo de nossas relações combinando-se na alegórica populista entre a modernidade e a barbárie. As reformas estruturais que ainda hoje padecemos, são reformas em beneficio para a nossa elite. O Estado viu se diminuir pelo gigante mercado, a inflação acabou, e as privatizações de empresas e serviços públicos vieram em massa acrescentando ainda mais o desemprego e diversos problemas sociais que persistem em nosso país, e o “caos social” originada pela ditadura militar pelo jeito não acabou, e neste instante comemoraremos os 40 anos de um passado que persiste neste conturbado presente da globalização.

Sobre o autor:
Estudante de pré-vestibular (SP) e colunista do blog TarjaPreta.

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